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UMR CNRS 5558 - LBBE "Biométrie et Biologie Évolutive" UCB Lyon 1 - Bât. Grégor Mendel 43 bd du 11 novembre 1918 69622 VILLEURBANNE cedex
- My current projects
- +Genomics of young plant sex chromosomes (funded by ANR) -Genomics of young plant sex chromosomes (funded by ANR)
X and Y chromosomes are very unusual chromosomes. Although they are homologous, they do not recombine and can be quite different. Many studies have been conducted on the evolution of animal XY and we now know that XY pair were originally a recombining autosomal pair that progressively stopped to recombine, which led to the degeneration of the Y chromosome.
Even though we are beginning to have to global picture of the evolution of human XY chromosomes, many questions are still unanswered. For example :
Why recombination suppression is gradual (rather than brutal) is not well understood and the molecular mechanism for such suppression is unknown.
The evolution of sex-determining genes is not well understood.
The exact mechanism for Y degeneration (background selection, selective sweep, Hill-Robertson interference) has not been identified yet.
The impact of transposable elements on Y degeneration is not well understood.
The evolution of dosage compensation on X chromosome (to balance loss of Y genes) remains a mystery.
The opportunity for Y genes to escape degeneration through gene conversion has been suggested but not investigated in details.
To address these questions, we focus on plant XY chromosomes (Silene latifolia and relatives). Silene XY have the advantage of being recently emerged sex chromosomes, which make them a good system for the study of the early events of XY evolution. Moreover, Silene species with XY have closely related Silene species without XY, which can be use as outgroups in comparative analysis. These are two characteritics are very seldom in animals and justify the choice of Silene as a model. Our goals are the following : 1) We want to identify the number of events of recombination suppression in Silene XY and test our model (constant addition of new antagonistic genes) 2) We want to study how Y is degenerating in Silene and what is the role of transposable elements on Y evolution 3) we want to improve the Silene phylogeny to precisely date the emergence of XY in the Silene genus 4) We want ot identify the sex determining genes in Silene. To do that we plan to work on EST and BAC data from Silene latifolia and to do sequence analysis through a multilab collaboration.
Collaborations :
Deborah Charlesworth’s lab (Edinburgh, UK)
Boris Vyskot’s lab (Brno, Czech Republic)
Alex Widmer’s lab (Zurich, Switzerland)
Funded by
- +Estimating recombination rates with MareyMap -Estimating recombination rates with MareyMap
Meiotic recombination is not random in eukaryotic genomes. There are hot spots and cold spots of recombination. Many groups are interested in addressing the following questions : What is the distribution of hot spots and cold spots of recombination along the chromosomes ?
What are the factors determining the distribution of hot spots and cold spots of recombination ?
To help addressing these questions, we have developed a bioinformatic tool called MareyMap that is manned to estimate local recombination rates by comparing physical and genetic maps (Rezvoy et al. 2007).
We have been using MareyMap to look at the relationship between GC-content and recombination rates in eukaryotes, which would be evidence for biased gene conversion, a process that gets the DNA sequences GC-rich and has important evolutionary effects. This is part of a wider project on biased gene conversion funded by ANR (PI : Laurent Duret).
People involved (MareyMap) :
Clément Rezvoy (ENS Lyon)
Delphine Charif (LBBE)
Laurent Guéguen (LBBE)
- +Mutation rate and genome reduction in Prochlorococcus marinus -Mutation rate and genome reduction in Prochlorococcus marinus
Why and how genome size varies so much among organisms are long-standing questions that still hold today. Recombination, mutation and drift are considered critical parameters for understanding these variations.
Bacterial endosymbionts are well-known cases of changes in genome size ; they indeed harbour smaller genomes than their free-living relatives. This reduction of genome size in bacterial endosymbionts implies gene loss and is also associated with other genomic changes such as AT-richness and accelerated evolution. This trend (genome reduction, AT-richness and accelerated evolution) was supposed to be the hallmark of endosymbiotic lifestyle until it was found unexpectedly in the free-living cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus marinus.
The P. marinus strains that have a reduced genome have lost DNA repair genes and have experienced increased mutation rates. We have shown theoretically that this increase in mutation rate can explain genome reduction. We are now testing this by analyzing P. marinus genomes available in Genbank.
Collaborations :
Vincent Daubin (LBBE)
Caroline Knibbe (LIRIS)
Guillaume Beslon (LIRIS)
- +Scientific interests -Scientific interests
Biology is currently undergoing a "genomic revolution". One of the major findings that came out of the sequencing and analysis of complete genomes is the surprising variation in genome organization between and within species. Three parameters have been proposed for explaining this variation : effective population size, mutation and recombination (see Mike Lynch’s book on the origins of genome architecture). My work deals with the effect of one of these parameters : recombination. My favorite "system" to address this question is the sex chromosomes because they were initially a pair of autosomes and the Y stopped recombining while the X kept doing it (in females).
I am also involved in a project on studying a side-effect of recombination : biased gene conversion, which seems to have an important evolutionary role, and on another project on the effect on increased mutation on the evolution of genome size in cyanobacteria named Prochlorococcus.
Key words : Genomics, Bioinformatics, Molecular Evolution, Population Genetics
- +Brief CV -Brief CV
2008-present : CNRS associate professor (CR1) at LBBE (University Lyon 1, France)
2009 : Habilitation (HDR) of University Lyon 1
2009 : Visiting scientist in Isabel Gordo’s lab at Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Portugal (3 months visit funded by the IGC collaboratorium)
2004 : CNRS assistant professor (CR2) at LBBE (University Lyon 1, France)
2002-2004 : Marie Curie Postdoc with Brian Charlesworth at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology (University of Edinburgh, UK)
1999-2002 : PhD in "Evolutionary Genomics" with Laurent Duret at LBBE (University Lyon 1, France)
1999-2002 : Teaching Assistant (64h / year) at the University Lyon 1
1998-1999 : MSc "Biodiversity : Phylogeny, Genetics and Evolution" at the University of Paris 6 (Rank = 1st)
1997-1998 : Agrégation in "Biology and Geology" (National Rank = 10th)
1994-1996 : BSc "Molecular and Cell Biology" at Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon
- +My lab -My lab
Current members :
Eugénie Pessia (PhD)
Jos Käfer (Postdoc)
Meeting in Montpellier with Sylvain Glémin’s group (Spring 2011)In the field - Left from right : Jos Käfer, Sylvain Glémin, Sylvain Mousset, Raquel Tavares, Eugénie Pessia, Aline Muyle
In the conference room at the :"Auberge Le Cèdre"
- +Referee activities -Referee activities
Journals : Nature, Science, PLoS Biology, Trends in Genetics, Current Biology, Genome Research, PLoS Genetics, Human Molecular Genetics, Molecular Biology and Evolution, Genome Biology and Evolution, Genetics, BMC Genomics, FEBS Letters, Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, Journal of Molecular Evolution, Molecular Genetics and Genomics, Heredity, Genetica, Gene, PLos One.
Grants : ANR, FRB (France), NSF (USA), NWO (The Netherlands), GACR (Czech Rep.), Human Frontier Science Program (EU)
Positions :
- member of the recruiting committee at ENS Lyon (2005-2008)
- member of the recruiting committee (conseil consultatif) at University of Lyon 1 (since 2009)
- +Responsabilities -Responsabilities
Meetings :
Scientific committees member :
2009 annual Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE 2009) in Iowa, USA
CNRS “Jacques Monod” conference on “Population Genomics” in 2007
Lead Organizer :
2010 annual Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE 2010) in Lyon, France
Annual meeting of the French “Population Genomics” community in Lyon in 2007
Other :
Co-organizer of the seminars of the "Biometry and Evolutionary Biology" Department (2005-2009)
- +Society memberships -Society memberships
Member of the CNRS research group "Population Genomics" (GDR CNRS 1928, latest news here).
Member of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE)
Member of the French Genetics Society (SFG)
- +Teaching -Teaching
Multidisciplinary course on "evolution and creation" for teaching assistants, CIES Lyon, since 2009 [organizer]
European course on "comparative genomics" in Master Biosciences, ENS Lyon, since 2008 [co-organizer]
Lectures and practicals on "molecular evolution" in Master Biosciences, ENS Lyon, since 2008
Course on evolutionary genomics at PhD program at IGC (Portugal) 2006
Lecture on genome evolution in a summer school at MedILS (Croatia) 2006
Lecture on genome evolution in the ecology Master, Dijon (France) 2005
- +Scientific popularization -Scientific popularization
Lectures on human evolution at Université Populaire de Lyon 2009
Poster on "Agriculture and Civilizations" at the Darwin’09 expo, Lyon Botanical Garden
- +Communications -Communications
Oral communications at international meetings
MARAIS G. Can intra-Y gene conversion oppose the degeneration of the human Y chromosome ? A simulation study. VI Encontro Nacional de Biologia Evolutiva 2010 Lisbon, Portugal.
MARAIS G. Unexpected genomic degeneration in the highly abundant free-living cyanobacteria Prochlorococcus marinus. Trends in Biodiversity and Evolution (TIBE) 2010 at CIBIO Porto, Portugal.
MARAIS G. Mutation rate and genome reduction in endosymbiotic and free-living bacteria. Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) 2008 Barcelona, SPAIN.
*MARAIS G. The evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes in Silene. International workshop "Silene : from populations to genes" 2008 Monte Verita, Ascona, SWITZERLAND.
MARAIS G. Degeneration of Silene Y-linked genes. Annual meeting of GDRE-RA "Comparative genomics" 2007 Lyon, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. Consequences of absence of recombination in Y genes from dioecious plants. Conférence Jacques Monod on "Evolutionary Genomics" 2007 Roscoff, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. Consequences of absence of recombination in Y genes from dioecious plants. Population Genetics Group Meeting (PopGroup) 2005 Edinburgh, UK.
*MARAIS G. Recombination and genome evolution in Drosophila. 6th Anton Dohrn Workshop "Evolutionary Genomics" 2005 Ischia, ITALY.
*MARAIS G. Evolution of sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant. 11th meeting of the PhD students in Evolutionary Biology 2005 Bordeaux, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants. Meeting of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) 2004 Penn State, USA.
MARAIS G. A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plant species of the genus Silene. Population Genetics Group Meeting (PopGroup) 2003 Brighton, UK.
MARAIS G. The role of recombination on codon usage evolution : selective or neutral effects ? Join meetings of the societies for molecular evolution (ISME and SMBE) 2002 Naples, ITALY.
*MARAIS G. The correlation between intron size and recombination rate : impact of transposable elements. Algorithmic and Biology Seminar 2002 Lyon, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. Recombination, mutation patterns and codon bias. Congress of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology (ESEB) 2001 Aarhus, DENMARK.
*Invited speaker
Oral communications at French meetings
MARAIS G. Can intra-Y gene conversion oppose the degeneration of the human Y chromosome ? A simulation study. Réunion annuelle du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2010 Toulouse.
MARAIS G. Multimarker phylogeny of the Silene genus and implications for the evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes ALPHY (GDR « BiM ») 2009 Montpellier.
MARAIS G. Footprints of inversions at present and past pseudoautosomal boundaries in human sex chromosomes. Réunion annuelle du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2008 Sètes.
MARAIS G. Evolution of sex chromosomes in dioecious plants. Atelier « Types sexuels » 2006 Orsay.
MARAIS G. Consequences of absence of recombination in Y genes from dioecious plants. Réunion annuelle du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2006 Banyuls sur mer.
MARAIS G. Évolution des chromosomes sexuels d’une plante dioïque. Réunion annuelle du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2005 Gif sur Yvette.
MARAIS G. Recombination and base composition : the case of the highly self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Réunion du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2004 Paris.
MARAIS G. L’estimation des variations du taux de recombinaison dans les génomes eucaryotes : limites méthodologiques. Journées Ouvertes de Biologie-Informatique-Mathématique (JOBIM) 2002 Saint-Malo.
MARAIS G. Transposons but not retrotransposons are located preferentially in regions of high recombination rate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Colloque Éléments transposables 2001 Lyon.
MARAIS G. The correlation between intron size and recombination rate : impact of transposable elements. Réunion du GDR « Génomique des populations » 2001 Sète.
MARAIS G. Transposons but not retrotransposons are located preferentially in regions of high recombination rate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Petit Pois Déridé (PPD) 2000 Dijon.
MARAIS G. Does recombination improve selection ? Lessons from codon usage in nematode and fly complete genomes. Journées d’évolution biologique 2000 Marseille.
Seminars in English
MARAIS G. The evolution of sex chromosomes : from humans to non-model organisms. Seminar of the Marine Biology Station (Roscoff), 2010. Hosts : Susana Coelho and Denis Roze. Roscoff, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. Molecular evolution of animal and plant sex chromosomes. Seminar of the Department of Ecology and Evolution (Univ. Lausanne), 2008. Host : Marc Robinson-Rechavi. Lausanne, SWITZERLAND.
MARAIS G. The evolution of dioecy and sex chromosomes in plants. Seminar of the Plant Ecological Genetics lab (ETH), 2008. Host : Alex Widmer. Zurich, SWITZERLAND.
MARAIS G. Evolution of sex chromosomes in a dioecious plant. Plant developmental biology seminar, 2006. Host : Boris Vyskot. Brno, CZECH REPUBLIC.
MARAIS G. Recombination and base composition : the case of the highly self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana. Population genetics seminar, 2004. Host : Deborah Charlesworth. Edinburgh, UK.
MARAIS G. GC-content evolution : the biased gene conversion hypothesis. Seminar of the department of ecology and evolution, 2003. Hosts : Vincent Daubin and Howard Ochman. Tucson, USA.
MARAIS G. Does recombination improve selection on codon usage in fly and worm ? Molecular evolution seminar, 2002. Host : Diethard Tautz. Cologne, GERMANY.
MARAIS G. The role of recombination in codon usage evolution : Both selective and mutational effects. Population genetics seminar, 2001. Hosts : Brian and Deborah Charlesworth. Edinburgh, UK.
Seminars in French
MARAIS G. L’évolution de la dioécie et des chromosomes sexuels chez les plantes. Séminaire du laboratoire GEPV, 2008. Host : Sylvain Billiard. Lille.
MARAIS G. Le cas du Y : l’histoire d’un chromosome sexuel qui était abstinent. Séminaire du laboratoire Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, 2005. Host : Patricia Gibert. Lyon.
MARAIS G. La recombinaison : en avoir ou pas ! Conséquences au niveau du génome. Séminaire de biologie évolutive, 2005. Host : Jérome Moreau. Dijon.
MARAIS G. Le cas du Y : l’histoire d’un chromosome sexuel qui était abstinent. Séminaire d’évolution de Montpellier, 2004. Host : Anne Tsitrone and Nicolas Bierne. Montpellier.
MARAIS G. Les effets pervers du sexe sur l’évolution des génomes 2 (le retour). Séminaire d’évolution de Montpellier, 2002. Host : Philippe Jarne. Montpellier.
MARAIS G. Les effets pervers du sexe sur l’évolution des génomes. Séminaires d’évolution de Montpellier, 2001. Hosts : Sylvain Glémin and Thomas Bataillon. Montpellier.
MARAIS G. Biais d’usage des codons chez les métazoaires : le jeu surprenant de la mutation et de la selection. Séminaire du laboratoire Génome, Populations, Interactions - UMR 5000, 2000. Host : Nicolas Galtier. Montpellier.
Posters
MARAIS G. Can intra-Y gene conversion oppose the degeneration of the human Y chromosome ? A simulation study. Society of Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) meeting 2010. Lyon, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. What are the recombination modifiers ? Insights from the human sex chromosomes. EMBO conference on “meiosis” 2009. Ile de la Sorgues, FRANCE.
MARAIS G. MareyMap : a R-based tool with graphical interface for estimating recombination rates. Society of Molecular Biology and Evolution (SMBE) meeting 2007. Halifax, CANADA.
MARAIS G. Intron size and exon evolution in Drosophila. Population Genetics Group Meeting (PopGroup) 2004. Reading, UK.
MARAIS G. Biased gene conversion : evidence and implications for evolutionary biology. Meeting on « Genetic recombination and chromosomal rearrangements » (FASEB) 2003. Snowmass, USA.
*MARAIS G. Bioinformatique et génomique appliquées à l’étude de l’évolution de la recombinaison. Journées Post-Génomiques de la Doua (JPGD) 2001. Lyon, FRANCE.
*MARAIS G. Enhancing the accuracy of translation by selection on codon usage in Caenorhabditis elegans. Journées Ouvertes de Biologie-Informatique-Mathématique (JOBIM) 2001. Toulouse, FRANCE.
*With short communication
+Publications -Publications
article :
Muyle A, Zemp N, Deschamps C, Mousset S, Wildmer A, Marais G (2012)
Rapid De Novo Evolution of X Chromosome Dosage Compensation in Silene latifolia a Plant with Young Sex Chromosomes, PLOS Biology, vol. 10 pp.1-8
Pessia E, Makino T, Bailly-Bechet M, McLysaght A, Marais GAB (2012)
Mammalian X chromosome inactivation evolved as a dosage-compensation mechanism for dosage-sensitive genes on the X chromosome, PNAS, vol. 109(14) pp.5346-51
Blavet N, Charif D, Oger-Desfeux C, Marais G, Widmer A (2011)
Comparative high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and development of SiESTa the Silene EST annotation database, BMC Genomics, vol. 12 pp.1-11
Marais G, Forrest A, Kamau E, Käfer J, Daubin V, Charlesworth D (2011)
Multiple Nuclear Gene Phylogenetic Analysis of the Evolution of Dioecy and Sex Chromosomes in the Genus Silene, PLoS ONE, vol. 6 pp.1-10
Cegan R, Marais GAB, Kubekova H, Blavet N, Widmer A, Vyskot B, Dolezel J, Safar J, Hobza R (2010)
Structure and evolution of Apetala3 a sex-linked gene in Silene latifolia, BMC Plant Biology, vol. 10(180) pp.1-10
Dubruille R, Orsi GA, Delabaere L, Cortier E, Couble P, Marais GAB, Loppin B (2010)
Specialization of a Drosophila Capping Protein Essential for the Protection of Sperm Telomeres, Current Biology, vol. 20 pp.1-10
Hochwagen A, Marais GAB (2010)
Meiosis: A PRDM9 Guide to the Hotspots of Recombination, Current Biology, vol. 20(6) pp.R271-R274
Marais GAB, Campos PRA, Gordo I (2010)
Can Intra-Y Gene Conversion Oppose the Degeneration of the Human Y Chromosome? A Simulation Study, Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 2 pp.347-357
Zhang YE, Vibranovski MD, Landback P, Marais GAB, Long M (2010)
Chromosomal Redistribution of Male-Biased Genes in Mammalian Evolution with Two Bursts of Gene Gain on the X Chromosome, PLoS Biology, vol. 8(10) pp.1-13
Bernasconi G, Antonovics J, Biere A, Charlesworth D, Delph LF, Filatov D, Giraud T, Hood ME, Marais GAB, McCauley D, Pannell JR, Shykoff JA, Vyskot B, Wolfe LM, Widmer A (2009)
Silene as a model system in ecology and evolution, Heredity, vol. pp.583-589
Lemaitre C, Braga Marilia D V , Gautier C, Sagot M-F, Tannier E, Marais GAB (2009)
Footprints of Inversions at Present and Past Pseudoautosomal Boundaries in Human Sex Chromosomes, Genome Biology and Evolution, vol. 1(1) pp.56-66
Marais GAB, Duret L (2009)
L’évolution des chromosomes sexuels humains, Biofutur, vol. 304 pp.40-41
Moccia MD, Oger-Desfeux C, Marais GAB, Widmer A (2009)
A White Campion textit(Silene latifolia) floral expressed sequence tag (EST) library: annotation EST-SSR characterization transferability and utility for comparative mapping, BMC Genomics, vol. 10(243) pp.1-14
Marais GAB, Nicolas M, Bergero R, Chambrier P, Kejnovsky E, Monéger F, Hobza R, Widmer A, Charlesworth D (2008)
Evidence for Degeneration of the Y Chromosome in the Dioecious Plant Silene latifolia, Current biology, vol. 18 pp.545-549
Kejnovsky E, Hobza R, Kubat Z, Widmer A, Marais GAB, Vyskot B (2007)
High intrachromosomal similarity of retrotransposon long terminal repeats: Evidence for homogenization by gene conversion on plant sex chromosomes?, Gene, vol. 390 pp.92-97
Marais GAB (2007)
Sex chromosomes and mitochondrial DNA polymorphism in birds: The Hill–Robertson effects extend from nucleus to mitochondria, Heredity, vol. 99 pp.357-358
Marais GAB, Calteau A, Tenaillon O (2007)
Mutation rate and genome reduction in endosymbiotic and free-living bacteria, Genetica, vol. DOI 10.1007/s10709-007-9226-6 pp.357-358
Rezvoy C, Charif D, Guéguen L , Marais GAB (2007)
MareyMap: an R-based tool with graphical interface for estimating recombination rates, Bioinformatics, vol. 23 pp.2188-2189
Clement Y, Tavares R, Marais GAB (2006)
Does lack of recombination enhance asymmetric evolution among duplicate genes? Insights from the Drosophila melanogaster genome, Gene, vol. 385 pp.89-95
Charlesworth D, Charlesworth B, Marais G (2005)
Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes, Heredity, vol. 95 pp.118-128
Marais GAB, Nouvellet P, Keightley PD, Charlesworth B (2005)
Intron size and exon evolution in Drosophila, Genetics, vol. 170 pp.481-485
Nicolas M, Marais GAB, Hykelova V, Janousek B, Laporte V, Vyskot B, Mouchiroud D, Negrutiu I, Charlesworth D, Moneger F (2005)
A gradual process of recombination restriction in the evolutionary history of the sex chromosomes in dioecious plants, PLoS Biology, vol. 3 pp.0047-0056
Marais GAB, Charlesworth B, Wright SI (2004)
Recombination and base composition: the case of the highly self-fertilizing plant Arabidopsis thaliana, Genome Biology, vol. 5 pp.R45.1-R45.9
Marais GAB, Domazet-Loso T, Tautz D, Charlesworth B (2004)
Correlated evolution of synonymous and nonsynonymous sites in Drosophila, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 59 pp.771-779
Marais GAB (2003)
Biased gene conversion: implications for genome and sex evolution, Trends in Genetics, vol. 19 pp.330-338
Marais GAB, Charlesworth B (2003)
Genome evolution: recombination speeds up adaptive evolution, Current Biology, vol. 13 pp.R68-R70
Marais GAB, Galtier N (2003)
Sex chromosomes: how X-Y recombination stops, Current Biology, vol. 13 pp.R641-R643
Marais GAB, Mouchiroud D, Duret L (2003)
Neutral effect of recombination on base composition in Drosophila, Genetical Research, vol. 81 pp.79-89
Rizzon C, Martin E, Marais GAB, Duret L, Segalat L, Biémont C (2003)
Patterns of selection against transposons inferred from the distribution of Tc1 Tc3 and Tc5 insertions in the mut-7 line of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, Genetics, vol. 165 pp.1127-1135
Marais GAB, Piganeau G (2002)
Hill-Robertson interference is a minor determinant of variations in codon bias across Drosophila melanogaster and Caenorhabditis elegans genomes, Molecular Biology and Evolution, vol. 19 pp.1399-1406
Rizzon C, Marais GAB, Gouy M, Biémont C (2002)
Recombination rate and the distribution of transposable elements in the Drosophila melanogaster genome, Genome Research, vol. 12 pp.400-407
Marais GAB, Duret L (2001)
Synonymous codon usage accuracy of translation and gene length in Caenorhabditis elegans, Journal of Molecular Evolution, vol. 52 pp.275-280
Marais GAB, Mouchiroud D, Duret L (2001)
Does recombination improve selection on codon usage? Lessons from nematode and fly complete genomes, Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences of The United States of America, vol. 98 pp.5688-5692
Duret L, Marais GAB, Biémont C (2000)
Transposons but not retrotransposons are located preferentially in regions of high recombination rate in Caenorhabditis elegans, Genetics, vol. 156 pp.1661-1669
inbook :
Duret L, Bataillon T, Bierne N, Daubin V, Dutheil J, Gautier C, Glémin S, Gouy M, Heyer E, Marais G, Mouchiroud D, Pontarroti P, Quintana-Murci L, Robinson-Rechavi M, Galtier N (2010)
Evolution Moléculaire, , vol. pp.114-173
