Showing results 861 to 880 on 1341 in total
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Selon l'hypothèse du syndrome de « train de vie » (STV; Ricklefs & Wikelski 2002; Wikelski et al. 2003), des espèces ou populations vivant dans des conditions environnementales différentes montreraient des différences dans leurs caractéristiques physiologiques (métaboliques, hormonales, immunitaires) ayant co-évolué avec certaines particularités biodémographiques propres à chacune de ces conditions. De manière surprenante, deux facettes potentielles du STV ont été négligées à ce jour: 1) en dépit d'un nombre croissant d'études sur les liens entre comportement, métabolisme et traits d'histoire de vie, les différences comportementales ont rarement été considérées dans ces syndromes; 2) Les STV pourraient facilement être appliqués à l'étude intra-populationnelle des (co)variations entre traits. Dans cette présentation, je montre qu'il est possible d'intégrer les traits de personnalité à l'étude du STV. A l'aide d'exemples d'études sur différents modèles animaux, j'illustrerai comment cette approche heuristique permet l'étude du maintien de la variabilité des traits de personnalité dans des populations naturelles.
Recent global changes in climate impose new energetical constraints. As evidence for widespread biological impacts of recent climate change accumulates, there is an increasing interest in understanding how organisms adapt to changing environments. Direct abiotic and indirect biotic factors are impacting on individuals' energy balance. Long-lived vertebrates seem to largely compensate these energetic bottlenecks by phenotypic plasticity. We present a summary of current works on the flexible control of energy expenditure conferred by phenological shifts and heterothermy that provide the ability to respond to environmental variations. Although some species may adapt to climate change through phenotypic plasticity, there are significant limits and costs to this strategy. A detailed understanding of physiological and behavioural mechanisms involved would provide a powerful tool for predicting future ecological patterns and managing their consequences.
A central question in molecular evolution concerns the nature of phenotypic transitions, in particular if neutral mutations hamper or somehow facilitate adaptability of proteins or RNAs to new requirements.Proteins and RNA have been found to accomplish different task by fluctuate between different phenotypes (structures), with frequencies and thus intensity of the associated trait being proportional to their stability. Therefore, functional promiscuity may correspond to different structures with energies close to the ground state which then represent multiple selectable traits. We here postulate that these near-ground state structures facilitate smooth transitions between phenotypes. Using biophysical model systems with exhaustive mappings of genotypes (sequences) onto phenotypes (structures), we demonstrate that this is indeed possible because of a smooth gradient of stability along which any phenotype can be optimised and also because of mutational proximity of similar phenotypes in genotype space.Our model provides a rationalisation of the intriguing, and otherwise puzzling experimental observation that adaptation to new requirements, e.g. latent function of a promiscuous enzyme, can proceed while the "old", phenotypically dominant function is maintained along a series of seemingly neutral mutations.Thus pleiotropy may facilitate adaptation of latent traits BEFORE gene duplications and increase the effective adaptability of proteins
We are exploring techniques using single cell genomic sequencing in human beings for the purpose of defining phylogenetic trees to explain the relationship of cells within defined human tissues. I will discuss how we used single cell exome and whole genome sequencing to identify patient and donor adipocytes in human white adipose tissue biopsies taken from bone marrow recipients and discuss future projects using similar methods to explore cellular identities in human tissue samples.
Thèse de Wandrille DUCHEMIN le lundi 4 décembre 2017 à 14 h, amphithéâtre BU (La Doua)
Habilitation à diriger des Recherches de Vincent Daubin - Jeudi 6 décembre 2012 - 14h00 - Amphi Ampère Bâtiment Lippmann
HDR de Bastien BOUSSAU le jeudi 21 mars 2019 à 14 h, salle des conférences BU (la Doua)
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